Oreochromis niloticus

Oreochromis niloticus

Chromis guentheri Steindachner, 1864

Chromis nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Chromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Oreochromis nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Oreochromis nilotics (Linnaeus, 1758)

Perca nilotica Linnaeus, 1758

Sarotherodon niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tilapia calciati Gianferrari, 1924

Tilapia nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tilapia nilotica nilotica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Tilapia nilotious (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is a relatively large cichlid fish, which is native to Africa from Egypt south to East and Central Africa, and as far west as Gambia. It is also native to Israel, and numerous introduced populations exist outside its natural range.

It is also commercially known as Mango fish or Nilotica. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia that is traded commercially, the Mango tilapia (Sarotherodon galilaeus).

Description

The Nile tilapia has distinctive regular vertical stripes extending as far down the body as the bottom edge of the caudal fin, with variable coloration. Adults reach up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in length and up to 4.3 kilograms (9.5 lb). It lives for up to 9 years. It tolerates brackish water and survives temperatures between 8 and 42 °C (46 and 108 °F).

Variously reported in the literature to be a plankton feeder, an omnivore, and to feed on higher plants to the extent that it may be used in control of aquatic weeds. Introduced tilapias can, on the other hand, easily become an invasive species.

It is a species of high economic value and is widely introduced outside its natural range; probably next to the Mozambique tilapia it is the most commonly cultured cichlid.

Aquaculture

Aquaculture of the Nile tilapia goes back to Ancient Egypt, where it was called ỉn.t and represented by hieroglyph K1 of the Gardiner List. As a logogram, this meant "a Nile tilapia". Used as a determinative (ideogram), it apparently signified Nile tilapia and/or flathead mullets which like the tilapia were commercially important fish.

In modern aquaculture, wild-type Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as their flesh has a dark color that is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a trash fish associated with poverty. On the other hand, they are fast-growing and give good fillets; leucistic ("Red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and these are very popular.

Hybrid stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × Blue Tilapia hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.

The Nile Tilapia has recently been discovered in a small stream in central Arkansas. This invasive species may harm the other aquatic life present in this stream within the next few years, depending on how quickly it is able to reproduce and how adapted it is to competition with other aquatic vertebrates. As of yet, there is evidence to support the possibility that the Nile Tilapia has established a strong breeding ground and will eventually endanger other fish species, possibly competitively exclude them.

Gastronomy

The red-hybrid Oreochromis niloticus is known in Thai language as Pla Thapthim (Thai: ปลาทับทิม), meaning "pomegranate fish". This type of Tilapia is very popular in Thai cuisine where it is prepared in a variety of ways.

The white tilapia Pla nin (Thai: ปลานิล), meaning "Nile fish", is commonly either salted and barbecued or steamed with lime (pla nin nueng manao).

Systematics

Baringo tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis Trewavas, 1983

Oreochromis niloticus cancellatus (Nichols, 1923)

Oreochromis niloticus eduardianus (Boulenger, 1912)

Oreochromis niloticus filoa Trewavas, 1983

Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Oreochromis niloticus sugutae Trewavas, 1983

Oreochromis niloticus tana Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992

Oreochromis niloticus vulcani (Trewavas, 1933)

The forms referred to as Oreochromis (or Tilapia) "Nyabikere" and "Kabagole" seem to belong to this species too. An undescribed[verification needed] population found at, for example, Wami River, Lake Manyara and Tingaylanda seems to be a close relative.(Nagl et al. 2001)

Medical significance

In a recent research in Kenya, it has been suggested that as this fish can feed on mosquito larvae, it could be used in the fight against malaria in Africa.